Thursday, November 5, 2009
Monday, September 28, 2009
How To Make A Wood Arrow Spine Tester
CONTROL SPECIAL REPORT ISSUED BY THE COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF THE REPUBLIC AND APPRECIATION FROM THE NATIONAL JURISPRUDENCE.
Cumpa 
Cumpa
Marco Antonio Torres *
CONTENTS: I. - Background, II .- General Concepts; III .- The Audit Report and the jurisprudence of our Supreme Court, IV .- Conclusions.
I. - BACKGROUND
On December 16 in the supplement legal analysis of the newspaper "El Peruano" Law (No. 229) published the opinion piece: "Audit Report: form of evidence?". It is in that publication that the author [1] of the note questions and exposes two controversial views, and this has sparked my interest in events around the theme, driven in part to employment-related reasons for linking me every day with the Audit Report (Special Report specifically developed as a result of a Special Review.)
First, the above article states that "... the audit report itself does not constitute a test ..." and second, "... admitting the test rating [2] audit report, which is not shared by the writer .... " Noticeable explicitly using the names "test medium" and "test" as equivalent to "score" of some way to audit reports issued by the Comptroller General of the Republic.
II .- OUTLINE
In procedural law, and specifically in the context of proof theory, there have been distinctions between what is test, test medium, test source and test body.
Thus we have that body of evidence "is the subject that carries with it an element of trial and sends it to process" [3] , source of evidence is that fact or facts which the judge takes or receives, for example a statement by a judicial inspection and stated and inspected the place respectively come to be sources test, a means test is the procedure established by law (the confession, testimony, expertise, etc.) designed to achieve the income of the evidence in the process, ie through a form of evidence are provided facts sources of evidence, proof or evidence of the reasons that the judge uses to make the conviction or certainty about the disputed facts, the evidence, are the instruments used by the parties and the judge has (officially test ) of which are derived or generated such reasons, namely that it provides objective data to judge the belief of the existence or nonexistence of a fact.
III .- THE AUDIT REPORT AND JURISPRUDENCE OF OUR SUPREME COURT
The report issued by the Comptroller General of the Republic proceeds from the realization of a government audit, contains "findings of fact on which it rests, ie, technical expertise, rather than sensory perception of the informant " [4] , this notion is consistent with the provisions of the government auditing standards (NAGUA) No 4.10 approved by Resolution of Audit No. 162-95-CG replaced by Comptroller's Resolution No. 259-2000 -CG which provides that it is a written document by which the Audit Commission explains the result end of their work, through fundamental judgments on the evidence obtained during the implementation phase.
Auditor value judgments as a result of objective analysis of the facts under investigation, concomitant with the application of specialized technical procedures which are premunity for this work, and respecting the legal rules relevant to each case.
It should be noted that the government auditing standards contained in the plexus, rules that respect the due process the same as guaranteeing the right of defense (NAGUA No. 3.60-communication of findings) of the audited, being therefore acts come research content to set up sources of evidence that the process introduced through the medium of documentary proof of evidence should be evaluated by the judge without ignoring the general principles of the test.
It is noted that the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of the Republic, bearing in value give evidence and test acts interchangeably to audit reports in accordance with case law citations following: Ø
While it is true that the review of the Comptroller General of the Republic, is an evidence, can not be considered full and final test, as the judge in his capacity as Director of the process can incorporate other media evidence to corroborate it as necessary, to achieve legal certainty to define the legal status of the accused (Supreme Executory 01.FEB.05 RN relapse in File No. 2554-2004 Arequipa).
or special report of the Comptroller General of the Republic has the character of pretrial institutional expertise, and as such should be valued, without prejudice to further proof accompanying instrumental to justify their conclusions, which in principle is apt to weaken constitutional presumption of innocence (Executory Supreme 07.DIC.05 RN relapse in File No. 3700-2005 - Ucayali.)
or the law of the National Control System notes that reports results of a test control action are pre-constituted, therefore, have effectively valuation (30.MAY.03 Supreme Executory issued by the Criminal Chamber RN relapse File No. 1285-2002, Lima).
not held or so file an accounting expert's report, it is clear that the nature documentary evidence of the Special Report of the Comptroller General of the Republic, contrasted with the other evidence, is likely to result in conviction and certainty with regard to illicit matters of process (Executory Supreme RN-Files relapse 18.ABR.07 No. 5667-2006, Lima).
Ø (...) We have stated that such skills, typically complex and require considerable time for preparation, pretrial usually have a character-such as the Special Audit Report-o-trial, as is the case of accounting expertise, so police are not replicable in trial; have the character of preconstituted (...) The character appraisal reports for Preformed are fully accepted and valued by the court. By having done so does not infringe the right to presumption of innocence, one of whose rules of evidence is precisely the reasoning of the judge to issue ruling is based on actual test events (relapse 18.OCT.2007 Supreme Executory in Dossier N ° 1408-2007 RN - North Lima).
§ IV .- CONCLUSIONS Audit Report issued by the Comptroller General of the Republic contains sources of evidence obtained respecting the right of defense of the audited
§ The Report, is incorporated into the process by means of evidence of documentary evidence, it is performed at the appropriate procedural stage, in light of the principles of immediacy, oral, adversarial. §
Report, has the power to invalidate invidious the presumption of innocence, therefore, suitable to support a conviction.
§ The failure to ratify the Audit Report, not effective or blurring of the evidence excludes him [5] . §
Failure to consider the audit report as evidence or proof, does not harmonize with the teaching provided by the procedural and jurisprudential development of our highest judicial body.
* Advocate
[1] Mario Fernando Romero Espinoza
[2] Emphasis added
[3] Cafferata Nores, José. The proof in criminal proceedings, Depalma, Buenos Aires 2001, p. 25.
[4] Burgos Ladron de Guevara, Juan, cited by San Martín Castro, César et al. Traffic Crime Influences and Association Enrichment criminal intent. Legal, Lima 2002, pag.
372 [5] View Whole Agreement No. 2-2007/CJ-116 of 16.NOV.2007. Jurisdictional full of Permanent and Transitory Criminal Chambers.
CONTENTS: I. - Background, II .- General Concepts; III .- The Audit Report and the jurisprudence of our Supreme Court, IV .- Conclusions.
I. - BACKGROUND
On December 16 in the supplement legal analysis of the newspaper "El Peruano" Law (No. 229) published the opinion piece: "Audit Report: form of evidence?". It is in that publication that the author [1] of the note questions and exposes two controversial views, and this has sparked my interest in events around the theme, driven in part to employment-related reasons for linking me every day with the Audit Report (Special Report specifically developed as a result of a Special Review.)
First, the above article states that "... the audit report itself does not constitute a test ..." and second, "... admitting the test rating [2] audit report, which is not shared by the writer .... " Noticeable explicitly using the names "test medium" and "test" as equivalent to "score" of some way to audit reports issued by the Comptroller General of the Republic.
II .- OUTLINE
In procedural law, and specifically in the context of proof theory, there have been distinctions between what is test, test medium, test source and test body.
Thus we have that body of evidence "is the subject that carries with it an element of trial and sends it to process" [3] , source of evidence is that fact or facts which the judge takes or receives, for example a statement by a judicial inspection and stated and inspected the place respectively come to be sources test, a means test is the procedure established by law (the confession, testimony, expertise, etc.) designed to achieve the income of the evidence in the process, ie through a form of evidence are provided facts sources of evidence, proof or evidence of the reasons that the judge uses to make the conviction or certainty about the disputed facts, the evidence, are the instruments used by the parties and the judge has (officially test ) of which are derived or generated such reasons, namely that it provides objective data to judge the belief of the existence or nonexistence of a fact.
III .- THE AUDIT REPORT AND JURISPRUDENCE OF OUR SUPREME COURT
The report issued by the Comptroller General of the Republic proceeds from the realization of a government audit, contains "findings of fact on which it rests, ie, technical expertise, rather than sensory perception of the informant " [4] , this notion is consistent with the provisions of the government auditing standards (NAGUA) No 4.10 approved by Resolution of Audit No. 162-95-CG replaced by Comptroller's Resolution No. 259-2000 -CG which provides that it is a written document by which the Audit Commission explains the result end of their work, through fundamental judgments on the evidence obtained during the implementation phase.
Auditor value judgments as a result of objective analysis of the facts under investigation, concomitant with the application of specialized technical procedures which are premunity for this work, and respecting the legal rules relevant to each case.
It should be noted that the government auditing standards contained in the plexus, rules that respect the due process the same as guaranteeing the right of defense (NAGUA No. 3.60-communication of findings) of the audited, being therefore acts come research content to set up sources of evidence that the process introduced through the medium of documentary proof of evidence should be evaluated by the judge without ignoring the general principles of the test.
It is noted that the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of the Republic, bearing in value give evidence and test acts interchangeably to audit reports in accordance with case law citations following: Ø
While it is true that the review of the Comptroller General of the Republic, is an evidence, can not be considered full and final test, as the judge in his capacity as Director of the process can incorporate other media evidence to corroborate it as necessary, to achieve legal certainty to define the legal status of the accused (Supreme Executory 01.FEB.05 RN relapse in File No. 2554-2004 Arequipa).
or special report of the Comptroller General of the Republic has the character of pretrial institutional expertise, and as such should be valued, without prejudice to further proof accompanying instrumental to justify their conclusions, which in principle is apt to weaken constitutional presumption of innocence (Executory Supreme 07.DIC.05 RN relapse in File No. 3700-2005 - Ucayali.)
or the law of the National Control System notes that reports results of a test control action are pre-constituted, therefore, have effectively valuation (30.MAY.03 Supreme Executory issued by the Criminal Chamber RN relapse File No. 1285-2002, Lima).
not held or so file an accounting expert's report, it is clear that the nature documentary evidence of the Special Report of the Comptroller General of the Republic, contrasted with the other evidence, is likely to result in conviction and certainty with regard to illicit matters of process (Executory Supreme RN-Files relapse 18.ABR.07 No. 5667-2006, Lima).
Ø (...) We have stated that such skills, typically complex and require considerable time for preparation, pretrial usually have a character-such as the Special Audit Report-o-trial, as is the case of accounting expertise, so police are not replicable in trial; have the character of preconstituted (...) The character appraisal reports for Preformed are fully accepted and valued by the court. By having done so does not infringe the right to presumption of innocence, one of whose rules of evidence is precisely the reasoning of the judge to issue ruling is based on actual test events (relapse 18.OCT.2007 Supreme Executory in Dossier N ° 1408-2007 RN - North Lima).
§ IV .- CONCLUSIONS Audit Report issued by the Comptroller General of the Republic contains sources of evidence obtained respecting the right of defense of the audited
§ The Report, is incorporated into the process by means of evidence of documentary evidence, it is performed at the appropriate procedural stage, in light of the principles of immediacy, oral, adversarial. §
Report, has the power to invalidate invidious the presumption of innocence, therefore, suitable to support a conviction.
§ The failure to ratify the Audit Report, not effective or blurring of the evidence excludes him [5] . §
Failure to consider the audit report as evidence or proof, does not harmonize with the teaching provided by the procedural and jurisprudential development of our highest judicial body.
* Advocate
[1] Mario Fernando Romero Espinoza
[2] Emphasis added
[3] Cafferata Nores, José. The proof in criminal proceedings, Depalma, Buenos Aires 2001, p. 25.
[4] Burgos Ladron de Guevara, Juan, cited by San Martín Castro, César et al. Traffic Crime Influences and Association Enrichment criminal intent. Legal, Lima 2002, pag.
372 [5] View Whole Agreement No. 2-2007/CJ-116 of 16.NOV.2007. Jurisdictional full of Permanent and Transitory Criminal Chambers.
Friday, September 25, 2009
Shower Shield Tape Buy
THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN THE NEW CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE "absolute impartiality"? - ABOUT PERFORMANCE TEST OF CRAFT
Cumpa 
Cumpa
Marco Antonio Torres *
I. - Introduction, II .- Brief summaries of the so-called adversarial and inquisitorial systems, III .- The Criminal Court in the NCPP, IV .- The impartiality of Judge doctrine and jurisprudence of our Constitutional Court, V. - Conclusions.
I. - Introduction
With much appreciation has been hosting the New Criminal Procedure Code (NCPP) by judicial officers (district court which is in force) that are reflected in the aforementioned code is not only a tool to reform the criminal justice system, but also a legal instrument that allows them to resolve conflicts of a criminal nature within a short time, generating Thus a lower economic cost and simplification of energy for the litigants and for those responsible for starting it.
The aforementioned is confirmed in reports issued by the Attorney General and Ministry of Justice [1] , the defendant in the new process is saving for their slumping "pockets" as opposed to those causes that are processed under the terms of the Code of Criminal Procedure (in force in most judicial districts of the country), lasting almost endless, with the consequent effect continue paying the sponsorship of an attorney, coupled with the on caseload who have shared so the Public Ministry and Judiciary having to implement the state machine to process the high demand of avid social justice litigation with the implementation of the NCPP can be solved in some cases-in one day, a situation that means a saving of effort for all parties involved.
as well as highlighting the benefits that entails the implementation of the speed NCPP with which we can solve the crime which case, this process is also raised as an expression applied system with features adversarial accusatory. Now, the system described should endorse the implementation of that bundle of securities that make up the due process where the separation of functions is respected unconditionally, ie the one hand, the Attorney General as head of the exercise of penal action (on which the burden of proof, investigated, charged) and on the other hand, the Judiciary judging and resolving the dispute (justice).
However, the NCPP contains provisions (paragraph 3) of Article 155 and Article 385) that enable the implementation of the testing office (Code of Criminal Procedure does not regulate it) by the judge. This institution own the inquisitorial system would undermine the separation of roles mentioned above, to replace the judge in the place of one party (Public Prosecutor, defense, indemnification, etc..) In the offer of proof, which would undermine its impartiality in this sense, try to give some scope to determine to what extent the implementation of the test ordered by the court office or affect his impartiality.
It is noted that the application of the test job despite not being regulated the Code of Criminal Procedure (effective parallel much of the country) was to free the powers and discretion of the judge's own inquisitorial system-which was considered an act of favoritism to a particular party involved in the conflict-whether the benefit of the plaintiff or defense, "while generating criticism regarding the impartiality of the judge if we consider that proof of that office is not offered by the parties. For the moment there the same problem, however, that the model adopted by the new code is the adversarial system, which would seem a contradiction.
II .- Brief summaries of the so-called adversarial and inquisitorial systems
in law school when studying the Criminal Procedural Law progress we mentioned the existence of three actuation systems of criminal law referring to the Peruvian criminal process, these systems come into being, the adversarial system, the inquisitorial system mixed system, also refer to them calling them: processes, principles, however, for practical-teaching will not discuss the differences between them and those and we will address only the first two.
As preliminary idea must say that if the process is conceived as a series of successive acts, ordered and for the resolution of a dispute to an impartial third party as an expression heterocompositiva composing the litigation, as well as peaceful means of discussion and dialogue, we are able to assert that the application is opposed to the inquisitorial system substantially to the essence of the process, here it is reported by Montero Aroca, called the inquisitorial process never was and obviously is not a real process ... Obviously there is no process if the prosecutor is both the judge, but there is not really proceedings if the judge assumes all material powers of the direction of the activity may, for example, and not rely on facts, but even agree trade test, regardless of who runs it benefit [2] .
Here we describe the most outstanding peculiarities of the adversarial and inquisitorial systems:
A) adversarial system, its main features are:
The prosecuting exercised by the victim or his family, the burden of proof who made his allegations.
Separation of roles of the parties to the proceedings, prosecutor, defender and judge.
The judge just practice the evidence submitted by the parties. The trial is public
exceptions.
The accused knows what and who is accused, there is no torture.
governs the system of free evaluation of evidence, being outlawed legal proof or legal.
There is a real dialogue between the prosecutor and defense law, the principle of contradiction.
The legal status of the accused is to be released until sentencing. It
envision aforementioned line between the notion of process and the adversarial system, as the principles of duality (two partial sides: plaintiff and defense), contradiction and equal parts of which are fed, ensure the banishment of the justice into their own hands, opting for the process and civilized way of resolving disputes.
B) inquisitorial system, its main features are:
In this system the judge is a technical
During the course of proceedings, the defendant is segregated from society, through the institution called preventive detention remained in that state until sentencing.
The judge is an official designated by public authority who exercises an official criminal action.
no difference between the parties to the proceedings, the judge assumes the functions of prosecution, defense and prosecution.
Although the victim will pull out, the process should continue until terminated.
The judge has their own initiative and discretion to investigate. The test, in terms of location, reception and evaluation, is the exclusive power of the judge.
is granted a value to the defendant's confession, called the queen of the testing.
The judge did not reach a conviction if you have not obtained a full confession, which more than once accomplished using methods of torture. There
conflict between the parties, but due to a technical inquiry so this decision may appeal.
All acts were secret and written.
The defendant does not know the process until the investigation is not finished.
The judge is not subject to disqualification of the parties.
The decision was not taken on the basis of moral conviction except in accordance with the system legal test.
Of the reviews, or features mentioned can be seen clearly that the inquisitorial system can not respond to what is meant by process, revealing a rift between its institutions and people's fundamental rights. A glaring example of the inquisitorial system is found in the so-called "summary process" (Legislative Decree No. 124) in which the examining magistrate or also instructs judges, leading to an incompatibility of functions in the process according to the way regular same, so I consider the Decree referred to as a policy instrument unconstitutional.
III .- The criminal court in the NCPP
Processing in the NCPP is governed largely under the provisions of the Joint Process, which is composed of three stages: 1) preliminary investigation, 2) intermediate stage and 3) trial.
In the preliminary investigation, the role assumed by the magistrate is a judge's assurances at this stage should perform requests to the Prosecutor, order the constitution of the parties, decide on the measures restricting rights that require order judicial and security measures, if appropriate, resolve exceptions, previous questions and referred, do acts of anticipated evidence, monitoring compliance with the deadlines set by the code. En fin, se puede acudir a él en el caso de no respetarse en la tramitación de la causa las garantías mínimas del proceso.
En la etapa intermedia, el juez realiza el control del requerimiento fiscal (sobreseimiento o acusación fiscal) convocando a una audiencia para debatir los fundamentos del requerimiento efectuado. Si el requerimiento del fiscal es de sobreseimiento y el juez lo considera fundado, emitirá el auto de sobreseimiento el cual puede ser recurrido, si por el contrario, no lo considera procedente, expedirá un auto elevando lo actuado ante el Fiscal Superior para que ratifique o rectifique la solicitud del fiscal provincial, la etapa intermedia aludida es también conocida como etapa de saneamiento, ya que it is used as a filter, so that in the trial, the process is free of impurities that affect or invalidate the prosecution of the case. In short, this stage is intended to leave the way open for the conduct of the trial in case need arises.
The trial stage is taken over by a judge other than the previous phases, to avoid disturbing or contaminating biases the perception of the judge trying (it embodies the principle that the judge instructed not), this being the main part of the process, the judge has to verify that it is made on the basis of the charge, subject to the procedural guarantees in the Constitution treaties and International Law of Human Rights, adopted and ratified by Peru, especially governing orality, publicity, immediacy and contradiction in the performance evidence. Also, being the director of the trial, order the steps necessary for its development, should ensure the legal equality of the parties (prosecutor-defense), you must also prevent those claims irrelevant and unrelated to the subject of the proceeding, finding Armed with disciplinary powers and discretionary .
trial is the testing stage, where the judge is convinced about the proposed decidendi thema in the indictment and generally opposed by defense, as would occur to avoid the debate whether the defendants (perpetrators and participants) support the charges in the indictment and assume the payment of civil damages. It should be noted that at this stage there are three parts of a notorious, which are: a) installation of the trial period, b) probation, including probation and actual performance, c) the decision period.
is to add, that both plaintiff and defense should be prepared for oral litigation techniques, since the knowledge of that set of skills and abilities that make a difference substantially conform to tip the scales in your favor and stand as victor in the dispute regulating this new criminal proceedings.
IV .- The impartiality of the judge in the doctrine and jurisprudence of our Constitutional Court
The Royal English Academy defines fairness as a lack of advance or prevention plan for or against someone or something that allows prosecute or proceed with righteousness [3] .
words, the fairness has to do with the neutrality that should keep the third party (judge) to decide on the parties' dispute.
is extremely important to be clear that this third party has authority to process and resolve the dispute should not be placed in "hand position (Impartial) because no one can be prosecutor and judge at the same time, must be free of any subjective interest in the outcome of the case (fairness) and is able to operate without hierarchical subordination with respect to both parties (independent) " [4] .
jurist Julio Maier contends that the note of impartiality or neutrality, which characterizes the concept of "justice" is not inherent in any legal organization, but a predicate that needs to be built, for which operate both the rules regarding that organization as the rules of procedure, summarized in three fundamental maxims: the independence of judges, all state power, the impartiality in the case, determined the relationship of the judge with the case itself, and the principle of natural or legal judge [5] . According
Ferrajoli, ensuring separation of duties is an essential condition for the impartiality of the judge regarding the parties to the case and is the first of the functional guarantees that define the figure of the judge [6] .
Our Constitutional Court (TC) in the constitutional claim filed by the Ombudsman against some regulatory devices the military has stated that: [7] While the guarantee of independence, in general, protects against judge influences outside, the principle of impartiality, closely linked to the principle of functional independence "is linked to certain requirements within the process, defined as independence of the judge against the parties and the subject of the process itself, can be understood in two senses:
to ) Impartiality subjective relation to some kind of commitment that the judge might have with the case.
b) Impartiality objective, referring to the negative influence it can have on the court system structure, less fairness, that is, if the system does not provide sufficient guarantees to dispel any reasonable doubt. Similarly
our TC is pronounced in the sentence passed in File No. 004-2006-PI/TC. FJ No. 20 and Order No. 04675-2007-PHC/TC- Lima, resolution to which is added an additional argument (FJ. No. 6) removed the case Pabla Ky vs. Finland (decided by the European Court of Human Rights) related to the objective dimension of judicial impartiality, noting that should be considered apart from the conduct of the judges, facts that may raise doubts about their impartiality.
The right to trial by an impartial judge is a judicial guarantees recognized by the numeral 1 of article 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights also an essential element of due process referred to in paragraph 3 of Article 139 of our Constitution.
As can be seen, the idea of \u200b\u200ba fair trial is linked to the principle of separation of elementary functions and neutrality with which the judge must proceed in the composition of the suit, which means that the judge to maintain impartiality is obliged to refrain from intervening in the process informally about issues of evidence.
The legal system provides for an institute that could be used to dilute any hint of bias: the challenge, but note that it operates in specific cases occur each governing legislation does not protect NCPP the disqualification of the judge's official actions of a form of evidence. In this regard it states: "the recognition of fairness as a fundamental right enshrined in the Constitution has been through two pathways, one abstention and one recusal, and recognizing the fairness as a constitutional requirement" [8] .
On the other hand there are those who believe that judges should enact trade tests to ascertain the truth of the facts and noted that "... it is hard to conceive the process as fair, if the sentence is not built on truth (...) Order office is testing a psychological need that arises when you have a knowledge gap " [9] .
However, bear in mind that the process is not necessarily a means to discover the truth because it "real truth (which is in the facts, objectivity, sought) - often do not coincide with the truth arrival by the court proceedings (provided by the evidence, given by the certainty, which is in the courts). Roxin states that "the clarification of offenses not subject to any limit would involve the danger of destroying many collective and individual values. Therefore, the ascertainment of truth is an absolute value in criminal proceedings, Rather, the criminal proceedings themselves are imbued with ethical and legal hierarchy of our State " [10] , these hierarchies are embodied in the principles and our constitution guarantees that collect, including due process.
V. - Conclusions
1) Some items total NCPP bear no principled consistency with the adversarial system.
2) For the sake of seeking the truth can not conceive the office to order the test because the purpose of the process is the solution of a conflict, which in some cases, may terminate or conclude early, diluted in these cases the ascertainment of truth, prioritizing the resolution of the litigation.
3) should be avoided interference of the judge in terms of evidence, in order to avoid failure or aggravated benefit of the accused, and so discredit the actions of the judge as an impartial third party.
4) The search for truth at any price should be banned from any legal system as it could be used as a means of revenge against excessive and arbitrary use of the test automatically.
5) The test decree violates trade rules that ensure due process to determine that their actions would affect their impartiality and respect for the right to legal equality to hold the principles and duties as judge inherent in their function.
* Advocate
[1] News of the above can be seen at the following locations (view the 30.MAR.2009 ) http://www.minjus.gob.pe/cpp/noticias_libertad.html
http://www.mpfn.gob.pe/ncpp/files/52d9f0_Informe% 20Anual% 20Huaura2.pdf
[2] Montero Aroca, Juan. "Accusatory principle in criminal trial." In: Gómez Colomer, Juan Luis (coordinator). "Proof and Process Criminal. "Tirant lo blanch, Valencia, 2008, p.22.
[3] http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=imparcialidad (seen 10/8/2009)
[4] VELLOSO ALVARADO, Adolfo. "Due process versus evidence ex officio." Editorial Themis, Bogota, 2004, p. 146.
[5] MAIER, July. Criminal Procedural Law. IT Editores del Puerto, Buenos Aires, 2004, p. 742.
[6] Ferrajoli, Luigi. "Law and Reason, Theory of penal guarantee", ED. Trotta, Madrid, 1989, pg.
567 [7] STC relapse File No. 0023-2003-AI/TC. FJ. 34
[8] CABIALE DÍAZ, José Antonio. Early input from and accusatory: The impartiality of the judge. Editorial Comares, Granada, 1996, p.429.
[9] Parra Quijano, Jairo. Rationality and ideology of the tests automatically. In: Reading Material National Criminal Jurisdictional plenary, held in Lima, 20 and June 21, 2008, p. 301.
[10] Roxin, Claux. "Criminal procedural law." Editores del Puerto, Buenos Aires, 200 p. 191.
I. - Introduction, II .- Brief summaries of the so-called adversarial and inquisitorial systems, III .- The Criminal Court in the NCPP, IV .- The impartiality of Judge doctrine and jurisprudence of our Constitutional Court, V. - Conclusions.
I. - Introduction
With much appreciation has been hosting the New Criminal Procedure Code (NCPP) by judicial officers (district court which is in force) that are reflected in the aforementioned code is not only a tool to reform the criminal justice system, but also a legal instrument that allows them to resolve conflicts of a criminal nature within a short time, generating Thus a lower economic cost and simplification of energy for the litigants and for those responsible for starting it.
The aforementioned is confirmed in reports issued by the Attorney General and Ministry of Justice [1] , the defendant in the new process is saving for their slumping "pockets" as opposed to those causes that are processed under the terms of the Code of Criminal Procedure (in force in most judicial districts of the country), lasting almost endless, with the consequent effect continue paying the sponsorship of an attorney, coupled with the on caseload who have shared so the Public Ministry and Judiciary having to implement the state machine to process the high demand of avid social justice litigation with the implementation of the NCPP can be solved in some cases-in one day, a situation that means a saving of effort for all parties involved.
as well as highlighting the benefits that entails the implementation of the speed NCPP with which we can solve the crime which case, this process is also raised as an expression applied system with features adversarial accusatory. Now, the system described should endorse the implementation of that bundle of securities that make up the due process where the separation of functions is respected unconditionally, ie the one hand, the Attorney General as head of the exercise of penal action (on which the burden of proof, investigated, charged) and on the other hand, the Judiciary judging and resolving the dispute (justice).
However, the NCPP contains provisions (paragraph 3) of Article 155 and Article 385) that enable the implementation of the testing office (Code of Criminal Procedure does not regulate it) by the judge. This institution own the inquisitorial system would undermine the separation of roles mentioned above, to replace the judge in the place of one party (Public Prosecutor, defense, indemnification, etc..) In the offer of proof, which would undermine its impartiality in this sense, try to give some scope to determine to what extent the implementation of the test ordered by the court office or affect his impartiality.
It is noted that the application of the test job despite not being regulated the Code of Criminal Procedure (effective parallel much of the country) was to free the powers and discretion of the judge's own inquisitorial system-which was considered an act of favoritism to a particular party involved in the conflict-whether the benefit of the plaintiff or defense, "while generating criticism regarding the impartiality of the judge if we consider that proof of that office is not offered by the parties. For the moment there the same problem, however, that the model adopted by the new code is the adversarial system, which would seem a contradiction.
II .- Brief summaries of the so-called adversarial and inquisitorial systems
in law school when studying the Criminal Procedural Law progress we mentioned the existence of three actuation systems of criminal law referring to the Peruvian criminal process, these systems come into being, the adversarial system, the inquisitorial system mixed system, also refer to them calling them: processes, principles, however, for practical-teaching will not discuss the differences between them and those and we will address only the first two.
As preliminary idea must say that if the process is conceived as a series of successive acts, ordered and for the resolution of a dispute to an impartial third party as an expression heterocompositiva composing the litigation, as well as peaceful means of discussion and dialogue, we are able to assert that the application is opposed to the inquisitorial system substantially to the essence of the process, here it is reported by Montero Aroca, called the inquisitorial process never was and obviously is not a real process ... Obviously there is no process if the prosecutor is both the judge, but there is not really proceedings if the judge assumes all material powers of the direction of the activity may, for example, and not rely on facts, but even agree trade test, regardless of who runs it benefit [2] .
Here we describe the most outstanding peculiarities of the adversarial and inquisitorial systems:
A) adversarial system, its main features are:
The prosecuting exercised by the victim or his family, the burden of proof who made his allegations.
Separation of roles of the parties to the proceedings, prosecutor, defender and judge.
The judge just practice the evidence submitted by the parties. The trial is public
exceptions.
The accused knows what and who is accused, there is no torture.
governs the system of free evaluation of evidence, being outlawed legal proof or legal.
There is a real dialogue between the prosecutor and defense law, the principle of contradiction.
The legal status of the accused is to be released until sentencing. It
envision aforementioned line between the notion of process and the adversarial system, as the principles of duality (two partial sides: plaintiff and defense), contradiction and equal parts of which are fed, ensure the banishment of the justice into their own hands, opting for the process and civilized way of resolving disputes.
B) inquisitorial system, its main features are:
In this system the judge is a technical
During the course of proceedings, the defendant is segregated from society, through the institution called preventive detention remained in that state until sentencing.
The judge is an official designated by public authority who exercises an official criminal action.
no difference between the parties to the proceedings, the judge assumes the functions of prosecution, defense and prosecution.
Although the victim will pull out, the process should continue until terminated.
The judge has their own initiative and discretion to investigate. The test, in terms of location, reception and evaluation, is the exclusive power of the judge.
is granted a value to the defendant's confession, called the queen of the testing.
The judge did not reach a conviction if you have not obtained a full confession, which more than once accomplished using methods of torture. There
conflict between the parties, but due to a technical inquiry so this decision may appeal.
All acts were secret and written.
The defendant does not know the process until the investigation is not finished.
The judge is not subject to disqualification of the parties.
The decision was not taken on the basis of moral conviction except in accordance with the system legal test.
Of the reviews, or features mentioned can be seen clearly that the inquisitorial system can not respond to what is meant by process, revealing a rift between its institutions and people's fundamental rights. A glaring example of the inquisitorial system is found in the so-called "summary process" (Legislative Decree No. 124) in which the examining magistrate or also instructs judges, leading to an incompatibility of functions in the process according to the way regular same, so I consider the Decree referred to as a policy instrument unconstitutional.
III .- The criminal court in the NCPP
Processing in the NCPP is governed largely under the provisions of the Joint Process, which is composed of three stages: 1) preliminary investigation, 2) intermediate stage and 3) trial.
In the preliminary investigation, the role assumed by the magistrate is a judge's assurances at this stage should perform requests to the Prosecutor, order the constitution of the parties, decide on the measures restricting rights that require order judicial and security measures, if appropriate, resolve exceptions, previous questions and referred, do acts of anticipated evidence, monitoring compliance with the deadlines set by the code. En fin, se puede acudir a él en el caso de no respetarse en la tramitación de la causa las garantías mínimas del proceso.
En la etapa intermedia, el juez realiza el control del requerimiento fiscal (sobreseimiento o acusación fiscal) convocando a una audiencia para debatir los fundamentos del requerimiento efectuado. Si el requerimiento del fiscal es de sobreseimiento y el juez lo considera fundado, emitirá el auto de sobreseimiento el cual puede ser recurrido, si por el contrario, no lo considera procedente, expedirá un auto elevando lo actuado ante el Fiscal Superior para que ratifique o rectifique la solicitud del fiscal provincial, la etapa intermedia aludida es también conocida como etapa de saneamiento, ya que it is used as a filter, so that in the trial, the process is free of impurities that affect or invalidate the prosecution of the case. In short, this stage is intended to leave the way open for the conduct of the trial in case need arises.
The trial stage is taken over by a judge other than the previous phases, to avoid disturbing or contaminating biases the perception of the judge trying (it embodies the principle that the judge instructed not), this being the main part of the process, the judge has to verify that it is made on the basis of the charge, subject to the procedural guarantees in the Constitution treaties and International Law of Human Rights, adopted and ratified by Peru, especially governing orality, publicity, immediacy and contradiction in the performance evidence. Also, being the director of the trial, order the steps necessary for its development, should ensure the legal equality of the parties (prosecutor-defense), you must also prevent those claims irrelevant and unrelated to the subject of the proceeding, finding Armed with disciplinary powers and discretionary .
trial is the testing stage, where the judge is convinced about the proposed decidendi thema in the indictment and generally opposed by defense, as would occur to avoid the debate whether the defendants (perpetrators and participants) support the charges in the indictment and assume the payment of civil damages. It should be noted that at this stage there are three parts of a notorious, which are: a) installation of the trial period, b) probation, including probation and actual performance, c) the decision period.
is to add, that both plaintiff and defense should be prepared for oral litigation techniques, since the knowledge of that set of skills and abilities that make a difference substantially conform to tip the scales in your favor and stand as victor in the dispute regulating this new criminal proceedings.
IV .- The impartiality of the judge in the doctrine and jurisprudence of our Constitutional Court
The Royal English Academy defines fairness as a lack of advance or prevention plan for or against someone or something that allows prosecute or proceed with righteousness [3] .
words, the fairness has to do with the neutrality that should keep the third party (judge) to decide on the parties' dispute.
is extremely important to be clear that this third party has authority to process and resolve the dispute should not be placed in "hand position (Impartial) because no one can be prosecutor and judge at the same time, must be free of any subjective interest in the outcome of the case (fairness) and is able to operate without hierarchical subordination with respect to both parties (independent) " [4] .
jurist Julio Maier contends that the note of impartiality or neutrality, which characterizes the concept of "justice" is not inherent in any legal organization, but a predicate that needs to be built, for which operate both the rules regarding that organization as the rules of procedure, summarized in three fundamental maxims: the independence of judges, all state power, the impartiality in the case, determined the relationship of the judge with the case itself, and the principle of natural or legal judge [5] . According
Ferrajoli, ensuring separation of duties is an essential condition for the impartiality of the judge regarding the parties to the case and is the first of the functional guarantees that define the figure of the judge [6] .
Our Constitutional Court (TC) in the constitutional claim filed by the Ombudsman against some regulatory devices the military has stated that: [7] While the guarantee of independence, in general, protects against judge influences outside, the principle of impartiality, closely linked to the principle of functional independence "is linked to certain requirements within the process, defined as independence of the judge against the parties and the subject of the process itself, can be understood in two senses:
to ) Impartiality subjective relation to some kind of commitment that the judge might have with the case.
b) Impartiality objective, referring to the negative influence it can have on the court system structure, less fairness, that is, if the system does not provide sufficient guarantees to dispel any reasonable doubt. Similarly
our TC is pronounced in the sentence passed in File No. 004-2006-PI/TC. FJ No. 20 and Order No. 04675-2007-PHC/TC- Lima, resolution to which is added an additional argument (FJ. No. 6) removed the case Pabla Ky vs. Finland (decided by the European Court of Human Rights) related to the objective dimension of judicial impartiality, noting that should be considered apart from the conduct of the judges, facts that may raise doubts about their impartiality.
The right to trial by an impartial judge is a judicial guarantees recognized by the numeral 1 of article 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights also an essential element of due process referred to in paragraph 3 of Article 139 of our Constitution.
As can be seen, the idea of \u200b\u200ba fair trial is linked to the principle of separation of elementary functions and neutrality with which the judge must proceed in the composition of the suit, which means that the judge to maintain impartiality is obliged to refrain from intervening in the process informally about issues of evidence.
The legal system provides for an institute that could be used to dilute any hint of bias: the challenge, but note that it operates in specific cases occur each governing legislation does not protect NCPP the disqualification of the judge's official actions of a form of evidence. In this regard it states: "the recognition of fairness as a fundamental right enshrined in the Constitution has been through two pathways, one abstention and one recusal, and recognizing the fairness as a constitutional requirement" [8] .
On the other hand there are those who believe that judges should enact trade tests to ascertain the truth of the facts and noted that "... it is hard to conceive the process as fair, if the sentence is not built on truth (...) Order office is testing a psychological need that arises when you have a knowledge gap " [9] .
However, bear in mind that the process is not necessarily a means to discover the truth because it "real truth (which is in the facts, objectivity, sought) - often do not coincide with the truth arrival by the court proceedings (provided by the evidence, given by the certainty, which is in the courts). Roxin states that "the clarification of offenses not subject to any limit would involve the danger of destroying many collective and individual values. Therefore, the ascertainment of truth is an absolute value in criminal proceedings, Rather, the criminal proceedings themselves are imbued with ethical and legal hierarchy of our State " [10] , these hierarchies are embodied in the principles and our constitution guarantees that collect, including due process.
V. - Conclusions
1) Some items total NCPP bear no principled consistency with the adversarial system.
2) For the sake of seeking the truth can not conceive the office to order the test because the purpose of the process is the solution of a conflict, which in some cases, may terminate or conclude early, diluted in these cases the ascertainment of truth, prioritizing the resolution of the litigation.
3) should be avoided interference of the judge in terms of evidence, in order to avoid failure or aggravated benefit of the accused, and so discredit the actions of the judge as an impartial third party.
4) The search for truth at any price should be banned from any legal system as it could be used as a means of revenge against excessive and arbitrary use of the test automatically.
5) The test decree violates trade rules that ensure due process to determine that their actions would affect their impartiality and respect for the right to legal equality to hold the principles and duties as judge inherent in their function.
* Advocate
[1] News of the above can be seen at the following locations (view the 30.MAR.2009 ) http://www.minjus.gob.pe/cpp/noticias_libertad.html
http://www.mpfn.gob.pe/ncpp/files/52d9f0_Informe% 20Anual% 20Huaura2.pdf
[2] Montero Aroca, Juan. "Accusatory principle in criminal trial." In: Gómez Colomer, Juan Luis (coordinator). "Proof and Process Criminal. "Tirant lo blanch, Valencia, 2008, p.22.
[3] http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=imparcialidad (seen 10/8/2009)
[4] VELLOSO ALVARADO, Adolfo. "Due process versus evidence ex officio." Editorial Themis, Bogota, 2004, p. 146.
[5] MAIER, July. Criminal Procedural Law. IT Editores del Puerto, Buenos Aires, 2004, p. 742.
[6] Ferrajoli, Luigi. "Law and Reason, Theory of penal guarantee", ED. Trotta, Madrid, 1989, pg.
567 [7] STC relapse File No. 0023-2003-AI/TC. FJ. 34
[8] CABIALE DÍAZ, José Antonio. Early input from and accusatory: The impartiality of the judge. Editorial Comares, Granada, 1996, p.429.
[9] Parra Quijano, Jairo. Rationality and ideology of the tests automatically. In: Reading Material National Criminal Jurisdictional plenary, held in Lima, 20 and June 21, 2008, p. 301.
[10] Roxin, Claux. "Criminal procedural law." Editores del Puerto, Buenos Aires, 200 p. 191.
Wednesday, September 2, 2009
Women With Red Palms Medical
The list won the Student Advocacy Center
Blue List won the Student Advocacy Center mm186236 
regard, the elected president of the Student Center, Andres Villalba, reported that the most significant proposals "during the campaign we were managing the title is interim Attorney Law students, and economic access to photocopies for free or discount the possibility, so we manage a photocopier and from there begin working with the kids. "
indicated that the situation of children in the districts is another issue to be addressed, such as transport and when they are to return to class, we want to return to the talks by the student hostel, the internal issues between what is Headquarters Central and the branches and when times are with different problems, so we want to give a solution to these issues. "
explained that the committees that are created in different years of the race, allowing contact with what is really happening in each course. "This gives us the opportunity to work several issues, this week we're going to get in touch with the university authorities and determine the date when we will take."
thanked " the guys who voted for us and that too, because part of a process and is important because they stop to reflect the diversity of opinions, and we took a high percentage and do not consider that it would reach, and colleagues from the list that worked through the campaign. "
For his part Marcelo Orme referred to the results obtained. Of the total of registered voters, 424 voted 275, which pulled the Blue List 47 percent, the Green Orange 34 and the rest.
added that "our list is composed of President Andres Villalba, Marcelo Orme Secretary General, Alfredo Carpio Finance, Secretary of Press and Publications Misael Carrizo, Student Affairs Nicholas Coarasa, Sport and Recreation Luis Paez Institutional Relations Lucila Gutierrez, Juan Manuel Olmedo District, Human Rights Rita Palacios, and María Rosa Cordero Culture. "
* the independent source
Journal 
Blue List won the Student Advocacy Center mm186236
)
Andrés Villalba, newly elected president of the Student Center Advocacy and co ls undec Agency list of THE INDEPENDENT.
CHILECITO (our agency). Last Friday was carried out elections of the Student Center Career Advocacy, National University of Chili (undec), where the list was winning Blue with 47 percent of the vote.
regard, the elected president of the Student Center, Andres Villalba, reported that the most significant proposals "during the campaign we were managing the title is interim Attorney Law students, and economic access to photocopies for free or discount the possibility, so we manage a photocopier and from there begin working with the kids. "
indicated that the situation of children in the districts is another issue to be addressed, such as transport and when they are to return to class, we want to return to the talks by the student hostel, the internal issues between what is Headquarters Central and the branches and when times are with different problems, so we want to give a solution to these issues. "
explained that the committees that are created in different years of the race, allowing contact with what is really happening in each course. "This gives us the opportunity to work several issues, this week we're going to get in touch with the university authorities and determine the date when we will take."
thanked " the guys who voted for us and that too, because part of a process and is important because they stop to reflect the diversity of opinions, and we took a high percentage and do not consider that it would reach, and colleagues from the list that worked through the campaign. "
For his part Marcelo Orme referred to the results obtained. Of the total of registered voters, 424 voted 275, which pulled the Blue List 47 percent, the Green Orange 34 and the rest.
added that "our list is composed of President Andres Villalba, Marcelo Orme Secretary General, Alfredo Carpio Finance, Secretary of Press and Publications Misael Carrizo, Student Affairs Nicholas Coarasa, Sport and Recreation Luis Paez Institutional Relations Lucila Gutierrez, Juan Manuel Olmedo District, Human Rights Rita Palacios, and María Rosa Cordero Culture. "
* the independent source
Journal
Tuesday, September 1, 2009
Afoto De Lorena Herrera
The blue list won the Student Advocacy Center
Elections in the undec.
The blue list won the Student Advocacy
Andres Villalba and Marcelo "Ruly" Ormerod, President and Secretary General elected by the Blue List of Law students, said they started a new stage in the race and considered that the implementation of the various campaign proposals will depend on the "good relationship exists between the principals and teachers with the Student Center. "
On 28 August the elections held at the National University of Chili, to elect officials of the Center for Law Students. Three lists, participated in the elections resultando ganadores los integrantes de la Lista Azul.
Al respecto, el presidente electo Andrés Villalba aseguró que inician una nueva etapa en dicha carrera y consideraron que la concreción de las diversas propuestas de campaña, dependerán de la “buena relación que exista entre los directivos y docentes con el Centro de Estudiantes”.
Por su parte, Marcelo “Ruly” Ormeño, Secretario General electo confirmó que de un total de 424 empadronados, votaron 275, lo que representa un porcentaje del 65 por ciento.
De esta manera, la lista Azul fue ganadora con un 45 por ciento, mientras que la lista verde obtuvo un 34 percent and Orange list 19 percent.
daily source or CHILECITO
Sunday, August 23, 2009
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Civil Law I (General Part) C. Law Institutions PG (Volume I and II) - Julio C. Rivera - Lexis Nexis - 2004 -
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Wednesday, August 19, 2009
Shotacon Doujin Online
Elections Law Students Centre (undec)
Presentation of lists: Until August 24, 2009
Elections Law Students Centre
The Electoral Board of the National University of Chili (UNdeC.) calls elections to the Student Center Career Advocacy, on August 28, 2009. The deadline for submission of lists, is the August 24, 2009, at 20 hours.
On May 29 in assembly, was appointed the members of the Board of Elections (Ariel Santander, Daniel Luna and Eduardo Castro), who by the powers conferred by Rule No. 42 of Chapter VI of the Statute of the Career of Law, National University of Chili (UNdeC.), hold elections for August 28, 2009.
The deadline for submission of lists, is the day August 24, 2009 at 20 hours.
also reports that all students enrolled in the official register, are eligible to vote. On election day, students must present University Book or Proof of Registration. This is guaranteed in Article No. 3 of the Statute of the race.
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